Admiral Raymond Spruance in World War II

Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William Bull Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied island-hopping campaign across the Pacific. Following the war, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955. Early Life Career The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. With the battleships completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. World War I With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. War Approaches In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. After working to defend neutral American shipping from German U-boats, Spruance received orders to take over Cruiser Division Five in September 1941. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Admiral Raymond Spruance Rank: AdmiralService: United State NavyBorn: July 3, 1886 in Baltimore, MarylandDied: December 13, 1969 in Pebble Beach, CaliforniaParents: Alexander and Annie Hiss SpruanceSpouse: Margaret Dean (1888–1985)Conflicts: Â  World War IIKnown For: Battle of Midway, Battle of the Philippine Sea Triumph at Midway In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruances cruisers served under Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halseys staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Moving into position near Midway, Spruances force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletchers TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletchers actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. Island Hopping In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Â  US Navy History and Heritage Command That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navys air arm. Iwo Jima and Okinawa Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. With the islands fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleets ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruances ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. With Okinawas fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. Postwar These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. He remained in the position only briefly as he accepted a posting as President of the Naval War College on February 1, 1946. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. Â  U.S. Navy History and Heritage Command Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz.

Negative Effects Of Bullying - 1811 Words

The Detrimental Effects of Bullying In today’s schools, it seems there are always problems arising; one of these problems has become quite an issue and needs serious attention in order for it to be resolved. According to stopbullying.gov, bullying among school-aged children involves a real or perceived power imbalance and aggressive behavior towards other students. Most students will experience, first or second-hand, bullying throughout their time at school. This issue is causing our schools to become increasingly less functional and more dangerous. However, it is becoming more common for bullying to extend past the fences of the playground and affect children even when they are not at school. Bullying not only affects the school’s†¦show more content†¦Bullying is found to be directly linked with certain mental illnesses and damages, such as depression and suicide. Children who are bullied--whether it is face-to-face bullying or cyberbullying--are more likely to have problems such as low self-est eem, sadness, irritability, and bad sleeping or eating habits. Problems such as these can be used to diagnose a child with depression. In an article from nobullying.com, it is stated that both bullies and children who are bullied tend to be depressed (â€Å"The Link Between†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Previously mentioned, Dr. Andre Sourander show that these problems may persist into adulthood. Even though bullying does not always take place at school, it can affect a student’s performance academically. Students who are bullied have the tendency to focus on things other than schoolwork and their grades. This causes lower GPA’s, a higher rate of dropouts, and lower attendance rates. A UCLA study found that a one-point increase on the four-point bullying scale was associated with a 1.5-point decrease in GPA for one specific subject (Wolpert). This substantial drop in GPA can be drawn back to the effects of bullying. It is hard for children to focus on the things they are supposed to focus on at school when they are too worried about being constantly picked on or having nasty rumors spread about them. These are just a couple examples of forms of bullying. Other than grade point average, bullying also affects test scores. The Virginia High School SafetyShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying1188 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a serious issue in today’s society. It can affect the well-being of the offender, bystander, and target. It can happen almost anywhere and anytime in privacy, in schools, at places of employment, and even in neighborhoods. Bullying can be classified as being physical, emotional, verbal or social which known as cyber bullying. 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There are many adverse effects that are caused by this disgraceful act. The average school-age child is silently or overtly tormented on a daily basis. Many of these students who experience bullying feel that they have no oneRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Bullying In the 2014-2015 school years, 292,400 students reported being bullied out of a total of 763,000 students (Student Reports of Bullying: results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, National Center for Education statistics(NCES)). Bullying does not affect only children in school, but can also happen to adults. Bullying has an immense effect on people of all ages. Whether it is an adolescent at school, or an adult in their workplace

National Honor Society Paper - 850 Words

National Honor Society is known for having extraordinary students whom possess strong leadership, constant determination, and also structured character. Though there are various students who have what it takes to become a member of the National Honor Society I feel that I should be one of them. From the beginning of my Freshmen year, I had a strong desire to find my path early in life and choose a career I would like to pursue as time went on. Realizing my passion for shopping was just the beginning, and though most girls all have this love for clothes I saw it differently, and began to explore the fashion industry by researching and reading up on the latest news. The electives I took in 9th grade, which were studio and art and fashion†¦show more content†¦Into 11th grade I pursued this path of taking fashion classes in the city, and took fashion marketing classes in. 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Innovation and Business Development Coke and Pepsi

Question: Describe about the Innovation and Business Development for Coke and Pepsi. Answer: 1. Position of Coke and Pepsi in beverage industry The innovation performance framework involves the product innovation, which can be considered as an engine that drives a potential prosperity and growth in the particular industry. Coke and Pepsi operate its business in the beverage industry across the world (Forbes.com 2016). In this report, the Pest analysis and Porter 5 forces of Pepsi and Coke will be presented in order to provide an overview of the innovation performance of these companies. This report will explain the business canvas model and ten types of innovation that concentrate on the development of effective innovation by Coke and Pepsi. 2. Introduction According to Boudreau and Lakhani (2013), without innovation, a product of an organisation cannot exist in todays competitive business world. It is an essential factor for the companies like Coke and Pepsi to understand the business environment before innovation. Even the initiatives of the government policy, private and public research help the innovation process for a specific industry (Mohanty and Mohanty 2012). Various forces may affect the organisational innovation performance. The business organisations engage efficient and potential business experts for searching and understand the factors that may influence the innovation performance of an organisation. 3. Pest Analysis Political The changes in the regulations, laws and legislations of the country have influence on the innovation performance of Coke and Pepsi. There are changes in the non-alcoholic beverage industry; therefore, both Pepsi and Coke change the pricing policy and the raw materials of manufactured beverages. The underdeveloped economy of the country may influence the innovation performance. Economical The international economies have great influence on the organisational innovation process. The high inflation rates, the indirect process of dealing with the international bottling companies influence the product innovation. Social Both Pepsi and Coke are concerned with the health aspect of the consumers. Therefore, the innovation experts of these companies intend to produce nutritious beverages with low calorie count. The socio cultural aspects, such as the changes in lifestyle, population growth and trends of a country support the innovation performance of the company. The health consciousness and the living condition of the consumer also influence the innovation performance of the carbonated drinks (Maital and Seshadri 2012). The management of Coke has innovated low calorie but flavoured beverages in order to cater the health conscious customers across the world. On the other hand, there are hardly any innovations in the products of Pepsi. Technological The management of Coke creates completely new opportunities for offering the new products to the consumers. On the other hand, Pepsi fails to come up with innovative products with employing the new technologies in the beverage industry. There are constant new inventions and development in the beverage industry across the world, which influence the organisational innovation performance of Coke and Pepsi. Table 1: PEST Analysis (Source: Lemley and McKenna 2012) 4. Porter 5 Force Threat of new entry: The economies of scale, differences in the product proprietary and the switching costs can prove a big threat for the entry in the beverage industry (Forbes.com 2016). Even the capital requirements and accessing the distribution channels are considered as a potential threat for the new entry in the beverages industry. The major barriers for an organisation to enter into a new industry involve technology protection. It also take immense time and cost in order to make a successful entry within an industry. Bargaining power of customers: The volume and switching costs of the consumer influence the innovation performance of the companies like Coke and Pepsi. Various substitute products in the beverage industry increase the bargaining power of the consumer, which affects the innovation performance of Pepsi and Coke. However, the bargaining power of the customer can be determined by the quality of product, price and performance (Rothaermel 2015). Figure 1: Porters Five Force (Source: Muhtaro?lu et al. 2013) Bargaining power of suppliers: The presence of cheap substitute products in the beverage industry influences the bargaining power of the suppliers. According to Davila et al. (2012), the number and size of the existing suppliers determine the bargaining power of the suppliers. The uniqueness of services is the major power of the suppliers of Coke and Pepsi. Even the costs of substituting often suggest the supplier power. Rivalry among existing competitors: Coke and Pepsi encounter a tough completion in the beverage industry as well as from coffee chains like Starbucks, Costa. These companies also face competition from health drink companies like Tropicana and Real. There are large numbers of competitors of Coke and Pepsi in the soft drink industry also. The competitive rivalry can be determined by the differences in the product quality and customer loyalty. Threats of substitutes: The performance of the substitutes such as Tropicana, Real fruit juices and gourmet coffees from Starbucks and Costa are excellent in the beverage industry across the world. Therefore, all of these mentioned companies can become a substantial threat for the success of Pepsi and Coke, which produce carbonated soft drinks. However, the prices of the mentioned substitute products are much higher than the prices of Pepsi and Coke. 5. Business Canvas Model Massa and Tucci (2013) have mentioned that the Business canvas model involves the key partners, activities, resources, cost structures, customer relationships, value propositions, channels, revenue streams and customer segments. The business canvas model helps Pepsi and Coke to understand the importance of innovation from the leading business thinkers, adequate techniques for designing the business models, re-interpreting important strategies through the lens of business models. The business canvas model has improved the services and products performance of Coke and Pepsi. As both of these concerned companies belong to the beverage industry, therefore, this particular model tailors products to the specific requirements of individual consumers. The business canvas model allows the customised services and products to take advantage of the economies of scale (Kaplan 2012). It denotes the price, cost reduction, accessibility, usability, risk reduction, design, brand and value of the inno vative products from Pepsi and Coke. The business model innovation supports the implication of the new technologies. This particular model also promotes the process of innovating channels that describe the process by which an organisation communicates with its customers. Euchner and Ganguly (2014) have referred that the business model innovation raises awareness among the customers in order to deliver a perfect value proposition. The channel phase includes awareness, evaluation, delivery, purchase and the condition of after sales. Both Pepsi and Coke have to understand the illustration of the business canvas model in order to make a perfect financial sense. 6. Ten Types of Innovation The Ten Types Innovation framework is intuitive and simple as it can be used as an effective tool for enriching and diagnosing the innovation process (Keeley et al. 2013). Ten Types Innovation frameworks also help to analyse the existing competition within the particular industry. Ten Types Innovation involves Profit model, network, process, structure, product performance, product system, service, channel, brand, and customer engagement. The profit model suggests the ways to Pepsi and Coke for making money and structure aligns the innovative products with the assets and talents of these companies (Pepsico.com 2016). The product performance of Coke and Pepsi distinguishes the innovative functionality and features in the beverage industry. Coke has extended its brands into sectors, which range from soft drinks to the low calorie flavoured drinks. Kaplan (2012) has mentioned that there are ten types of innovation, which help an organisation a strong emphasis on environmental sensitivity and sustainability. Both Coke and Pepsi maintain perfect services with controlling their internal core value. Coke involves the efficient business experts for creating the values in order to differentiate own brand. Coke applies potential strategies in the changes from soft drink to flavoured drinks. Both Pepsi and Coke use complementary services and products with the help of innovative distribution channels. Both of these companies maintain distinctive interactions for the customer engagement. At present, Coke holds 56% market share and Pepsi holds 38% market share in the beverage industry (Coca-colacompany.com 2016). Pepsi makes the paper bottles in order to support the process of waste management. With innovative and modern technologies, the management of Pepsi proposes completely different methods of manufacturing. 7. Conclusion The present times reveal a very promising picture of Pepsi and Coke. Both Coke and Pepsi have been successfully able to build an innovative and creative brand portfolio. Pepsi heavily concentrates on their innovating packaging technologies. The local insights lead Coke and Pepsi to globally valid innovation. With employing potential creativity and innovation, there are large scopes for Coke and Pepsi to retain their current position in the beverage industry across the world. Both of these companies should focus on producing more low calories and flavoured drinks in order to cater the health conscious consumers. There are changes in the consumer preferences with creation of opportunities in the nutrition and health apace. Innovation will help both Coke and Pepsi to make healthy snack bars for the youngsters and kinds in order to increase the present sales revenue. Reference Boudreau, K.J. and Lakhani, K.R., 2013. Using the crowd as an innovation partner.Harvard business review,91(4), pp.60-69. Coca-colacompany.com 2016 Home Page Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/ [Accessed on Dec 1, 2016] Davila, T., Epstein, M. and Shelton, R., 2012.Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. FT press. Euchner, J. and Ganguly, A., 2014. Business model innovation in practice.Research-Technology Management,57(6), pp.33-39. Forbes.com 2016 News Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2016/11/22/beyond-bubbles-dr-pepper-and-pepsi-spend-big-to-diversify-outside-of-soda/#700f825a3b60 [Accessed on Dec 1, 2016] Kaplan, S., 2012.The business model innovation factory: How to stay relevant when the world is changing. John Wiley Sons. Keeley, L., Walters, H., Pikkel, R. and Quinn, B., 2013.Ten types of innovation: The discipline of building breakthroughs. John Wiley Sons. Lemley, M.A. and McKenna, M.P., 2012. Is Pepsi Really a Substitute for Coke? Market Definition in Antitrust and IP. Maital, S. and Seshadri, D.V.R., 2012.Innovation management: strategies, concepts and tools for growth and profit. SAGE Publications India. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovafion Management, pp.420-441. Mohanty, A. and Mohanty, S., 2012. Innovation: The Key Driver for Growth Sustainability in Organisations. Muhtaro?lu, F.C.P., Demir, S., Obal?, M. and Girgin, C., 2013, October. Business model canvas perspective on big data applications. InBig Data, 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 32-37). IEEE. Pepsico.com 2016 Home Page Available at: https://www.pepsico.com/ [Accessed on Dec 1, 2016] Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill.